Developing high-energy, long-life rechargeable batteries is a crucial target to build a sustainable and carbon-neutral society in the future. Most portable electronics, including smart phones and laptops, are powered by rechargeable batteries, and also enable cutting-edge technologies to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, including electric vehicles and efficient storage of renewable but intermittent energies from solar and wind, which depend on advanced energy storage systems. Alternatives to current lithium-ion battery technologies should possess overwhelming advantage in energy density.
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